Ethiopia on the way to become an energy superpower of East Africa

Ethiopia on the way to become an energy superpower of East Africa

By Abdi Mohamed
Tigrai Onlne - June 30, 2014

It has been disclosed last week that Ethiopia has earned over 32 million USD during the past nine months. Currently, Ethiopia provides 100 megawatts electricity to Sudan and up to 50 megawatts to Djibouti. Electric power transmission lines with the capacity of carrying 2000 megawatts are also being extended to Kenya to supply power to the country.

Moreover, that beyond East Africa, Ethiopia has been undertaking preparatory works to export electricity to Yemen via Djibouti, and electric power will soon be supplied to South Sudan and Somalia. The power export not only increases the foreign currency earning of Ethiopia, but also strengthens the relations among the countries which would have pivotal role in stabilizing the region.

Ethiopia on the way to become an energy superpower of East Africa

The draft master plan of electricity and energy aims to boost power exports from 223MW a year now to at least 5,000MW. Ethiopia’s potential power production capacity from hydro as well as geothermal, wind and solar energy may be more than 60,000MW, according to official estimates.

That is equal to roughly half the total current installed capacity in Africa of 147,000MW!

These ambitious plans have been noted as visionary by several reputable scholars and institutions. For example: The renowned Financial Times said a few months ago:

This is one part of an ambitious plan to transform the country into one of the top, and cheapest, power suppliers in Africa, with the potential of $1bn a year in revenues from renewable power for Ethiopia and cheap supplies for a region short of electricity to power much-needed industrial production.

As part of a $22bn African Union backed project to develop a pan-continental electricity highway by 2020, Ethiopia plans to increase its power exports to Djibouti, Kenya and Sudan, and establish grid links to South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania and even to Yemen across the Red Sea.

Indeed Ethiopia has been making huge investments in terms of hydropower generation capacity under the 5-years Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP). Even before that, the government built several hydropower plants, including Tekeze, Gilgel Gibe ll and Tana Belese plants.

Two key components of the GTP, that is Gilegel Gibe 3 dam and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, are now 85% and 36% complete, respectively. The hydropower plants take the lion’s share for the multiple fold growth of Ethiopia's hydropower generating capacity.

In 2005 the total hydropower generation capacity of Ethiopia was only 714 MW and the total power generated was only 3,112 GWH. However, by 2010 the power generation capacity reached 2,000 MW and the total power generated was 7,689 GWH.

As per the GTP, Ethiopia’s power generating capacity is planned to reach 10000megawatts by 2015. On the other hand, the length of power transmission lines across the country was only 8,380 km in 2005. But, by 2010 there were to 12,147 km power lines connecting electric power grids.

Similarly, the number of power distribution lines across the country increased from 25,000 km in 2005 to 126,038 km in 2010. As per the GTP, the length of distribution lines is expected to increase from 126,038 km to 258,038 kms.

The total number of registered electric power user households was less than 950,000 in 2005. But by 2010, it was more than 2 million. As per the GTP, it is expected that there will be 4 million registered households connected to electric distribution lines.

With all these works well underway, it is expected that the electricity coverage of Ethiopia will reach more than 75% by 2015, thereby connecting Ethiopians farmers with the 21st century.

Progress in Generation Capacity

YEARS	Energy in MW
1991	340MW
2009/10	2000MW
2010/11	2097MW
Project under construction(2011-2015)	7594MW
Project Under Initial Stage	2817MW

In this transformative endeavor to meet the demand for energy in the country by providing sufficient and reliable power supply that meets international standards at all times, hydro-electricity will continue to take key role for the foreseeable future.

As the government plan documents explain:

This objective will be achieved by accelerating and completing the construction of new hydropower electric generation projects and strengthening the existing transmission lines to provide improved access to rural villages all over the country.

An additional objective is to export power to the neighbouring countries. Modernizing the distribution system will also be considered, so as to reduce power losses to international benchmark levels.

However, the strategic directions of the GTP are not limited to the expansion of hydro-power plants and building an institutional capacity that can effectively and efficiently manage such energy sources and infrastructure.

Other major directions are stated in the components of the energy sector development plans as follows:

Development of alternative energy from renewable sources such as wind, solar, biomass, etc. will be integrated with the country's Green Development Strategy.

lt is planned to increase this level of power generated by four times implementation strategies are to promote a mix of energy sources by developing renewable wind and geothermal resources.

Following that policy direction, the government has been aggressively investing in alternative energy sources. A joint steering committee has been set up under the Ministry of Water & Energy and the Environmental Protection Authority to develop and implement clean and renewable energy projects which can later benefit from carbon trading schemes. So far, the total four projects identified and handed over to the Ministry are expected to reduce about 65,720 tonnes of carbon dioxide-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions.

The Development Bank of Ethiopia, in collaboration with the World Bank, has announced that it would create about 800 million Birr fund to promote geothermal energy projects, while another 800 million Birr would be added as part of the World Bank’s private sector initiative.

Similarly, several works have been conducted in harnessing geothermal energy. In this regard, the major one is Aluto Langano geothermal project which is located about 200km south of Addis Ababa in the Rift Valley Lakes Region 15km northwest of Adami Tulu Substation and the 132kv transmission line to the left of Hawassa road. The geothermal resource covers an area of about 8km2. The resource area is located at an elevation between 1880 and 2100 meters. The project envisages the drilling of four new production wells and to construct 35 ¨C 70MW installed capacity new geothermal power plant. Different studies has approved that up to 100MW electric can produced from the Aluto Langano steam field. After successful rehabilitation of Aluto Langano Geothermal power plant started produce electricity since 2007.

Considering the daily production history and close monitoring result of the field, additional investigation has been done by the Japanese government. The result of the study has indicated that the field can produce additional 35-70mw electricity. The 2nd phase project is planned to be completed in the middle of 2014 and the 3rd phase planned to be completed at the end of 2016. The Project helps increase the generation capacity from geothermal source and to pave the road to the construction of large scale geothermal power plants.

There has been several efforts to harness wind power in the past decade. The major one is the Aysha Wind Farm. Aysha Wind Power construction project site is located approximately 7 km south of Aysha town, 47km to Ethio-Djibouti border and 170km from Dire Dawa town on the way from Dire Dawa to Djibouti route. Aysha Wind have 300MW wind turbines to be constructed in two phases which the first phase will be installation of a 120 MW wind turbines.

There will be 200 units of wind turbines each 1.5 MW capacity with a total capacity of 300MW at Aysha site. The commissioning of the 300MW Aysha wind project will not only alleviate the country power and energy shortfalls which may arise because of the fast growing of the country's economy but also give opportunity for energy export to neighboring countries. Moreover, the national grid will also benefit and exercise the benefit of hydro-wind generation mix.

Another major undertaking is the Adama I Wind Farm. The Adama I Wind Farm Project is located 95 km east of Addis Ababa and 3 km north-west of Adama city was completed and started operation  on started on March 31,2012. The wind farm have 34 turbines with the generation capacity of each turbine at 1.5MW. The height of the turbine pylon (tower) is 65 meter. Production capacity of the wind farm is 51 MW with an average annual energy production of 157 Gwh.

Ashegoda Wind Farm, which has an installed capacity of generating 120 Mega Watts of electricity, is built 10 km from Mekelle, the capital city of the Tigray regional state by the French company Vergnet SA. This project is part of the Ethiopian government’s plan to generate up to 890 MW of wind energy by the end of the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) period.

Recently, the government signed of a contract to build the largest geothermal power station in Ethiopia with Reykjavik Geothermal, a European company from Iceland. Under the agreement, Reykjavik Geothermal is to build the plant in two different stages of each 500 MW with an overall planned capacity at the end of 1,000 MW.

According to the company: The investment cost is expected to be around $4 billion for the Corbetti project, which will be build inside the Caldera of Corbetti, which is located around 200 km south of the capital of Addis Ababa.Geo-scientists believe this site to be one of the world’s most promising geothermal sites.

It was also noted that:

"The Corbetti Geothermal Project will be Ethiopia’s first independent power project and the largest geothermal plant in Africa……

It will be one of the lowest cost and most technologically advanced geothermal facilities in the world."

No.	Project	Status	CAP MW	Energy GMW	Estimated Commissioning Year
1	Tendaho Geothermal	Pre Feasibility Study	100	700.8	2018
2	Corbetti Geothermal	Pre Feasibility Study	75	525.6	2018
3	Abaya Geothermal	Pre Feasibility Study	100	700.8	2018
4	Tulu Moya Geothermal	Pre Feasibility Study	40	280.32	2018
5	Dofan Geothermal	Pre Feasibility Study	60	420.32	2018
4	Tulu Moya Geothermal	Pre Feasibility Study	40	280.32	2018
	Total		375	2628	2018

In terms of solar power, last year the government assigned two American companies contracts to build, operate and transfer the three solar energy project. three solar sites, each with one hundred megawatt generation capacity, in the eastern part of Ethiopia. The site selection, due diligence and Feasibility Study, of the projects were completed before the signing of the contract.

At the time, the heads of the two prominent American companies, Energy Ventures corp. and Global Trade and Development Company, underlined that:

“We spent many months analyzing the potential for a large-scale solar project in Ethiopia. What we found was Ethiopia has some of the highest solar radiance factors in Africa. The power that this project will deliver will clearly have a dramatic effect on the Ethiopian people’s quality of life.”

Furthermore, since 2012, the Ministry of Water and Energy installed more than 15,000 solar panels that turn sunlight into electricity to rural households and also institutions like rural telecommunications stations, health centers, and health posts. Now, these rural households and service centers are now beneficiaries of solar energy technology, which is based on distributed power technology as there is no grid connectivity in those areas, and will provide enough power for lighting, mobile phones, computers and a solar fridge for each household. In fact, the program is progressing as per schedule to reach its target of installing solar panels in 30,000 households by the end of 2014.

In conclusion, the effort to harness geothermal, solar and wind powers is a key component of Ethiopia's effort to realize the energy mix strategy and to realize its vision of becoming the power house of east Africa.

As Donald Kaberuka, president of the African Development Bank (AfDB), underlined in a statement to an international media:

"it is the first time an African government has looked at energy as an export sector the way you export gold, and it’s going to be a huge advantage for them."

Another official an international body said:

"If it all comes off, Ethiopia may also be the beneficiary of another sort of power. Energy is part of its regional strategic plan.

So, Ethiopia becomes an energy superpower and along the way it also gains political clout” in Africa."

Indeed, this is not an accidental outcome rather a logical extension of Ethiopia's pragmatic and scientific foreign policy, which is summed up as:

"Our policy in the Horn of Africa should, like all our other policies, be free of different sentiments and proceed from a sober analysis of the situation, keeping in constant view our development and democracy agenda.

It should understand that the success of our development and democratization has a positive contribution not only to Ethiopia but to all neighbors as well; and that a policy that is free of arrogance and greed would contribute to changing the entire region.  These are the premises on which our policy is based. 

The success of this direction was attested in the recent statement of the IMF as follows:

 “The Ethiopian economy continues to experience robust growth and single-digit inflation. The mission projects real GDP growth in the 8-8.5 percent range for 2013/14 and 2014/15.

The expansion in economic activity has contributed to poverty reduction and progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

Ethiopia’s public sector led development strategy has delivered robust growth and rising living standards."

Source: tigraionline.com

HIGHWAY-LINK-BETWEEN-ETHIOPIA-AND-SUDAN-01

The Solitude of Alexander Selkirk

The Solitude of Alexander Selkirk

It’s a small spot on the map. Below the thirty-fourth degree south latitude, the island of Juan Fernandez casts a modest shadow in the vast eastern Pacific Ocean. In 1704, Alexander Selkirk, shouting from the beach of this forgotten island, saw a western breeze carry his ship and crewmates into the October horizon. His next four years would be in solitude as he struggled for survival and, in time, inspired Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe.

Selkirk first went to sea at fifteen to escape a formal charge of “undecent beaiviar.” Later, as a grown man, he joined the crew of the Cinque Ports, a one hundred thirty ton vessel of billowing sails and swelling planks. Selkirk was the master navigator as they traveled south along the coast of Brazil.

After reaching the southern tip of Argentina they turned north following the coast of Chile. However, diminishing rations and disease saw their original crew of ninety wither to forty-two. The ship was strained against a relentless ocean. The situation worsened when an infestation of worms reduced portions of the hull to a near pulp, yet relief lay ahead.


In September of 1704, the tiny island of Juan Fernandez appeared on the horizon. Captain Stradling ordered the crew to anchor in the island’s bay, providing the men with a needed respite from their frustration and suffering.

The sojourn on the island was brief; the captain was anxious to return to his ship and his voyage. Selkirk insisted, however, that the ship was no longer seaworthy, and that the leaking hull would succumb to the temperament of the ocean or enemies. He urged captain and crew to remain on the island and wait for help, but they ignored him. Selkirk’s defiance grew, until finally Stradling ordered that Selkirk be left on the island with only his sea chest, bedding, and clothing. Moments later the ship and the crew set sail while Selkirk watched in anguish from the lonely shore of the island. He shouted for them to return, begging for forgiveness-- but the ship continued.

Among his possessions was a pistol, gunpowder, bullets, a knife, a hatchet, navigation instruments, a bible, a flask of rum, and enough food for just a few days. He watched the horizon, awaiting salvation.
Escape on a make-shift raft was impossible. The closest inhabited land was Valparaiso, a journey six hundred miles north. His pistol provided reassurance that his final hours would be of his choosing.

Upon his exploration of the island’s sharp lava rocks and lush vegetation he found fresh water to drink, seals to provide meat, and indigenous plums to protect against scurvy. Selkirk had heard stories of other men who survived years of seclusion before eventually being rescued. He knew of men like Pedro de Serrano, a man who spent seven years isolated on an island in the Pacific without fresh water. Serrano survived by drinking the blood of turtles, but eventually became insane. Other men had survived for years with fewer resources than those offered by the island of Juan Fernandez; Selkirk knew what one man could do, so could another.

Selkirk’s warnings of an unsafe ship proved accurate-- within a month of his exile, the Cinque Ports gave in to its fate and sank off the coast of Peru. Many of the men drowned, and those remaining, including the captain, made it to the shore of an island where fourteen more died. In time they surrendered to the Spanish guarda-costa and were imprisoned in Lima, where “the Spaniards put them in a close dungeon and used them very barbarously.” The captain escaped and in time returned to Britain, poor and in diminished health.

Despite living alone on the island, Selkirk was not without the threat of man. One day he spotted a ship anchored in the bay. High above was the Spanish flag-- Selkirk ran for cover. Being Scottish, he knew that his capture would lead to enslavement or death. They chased him; the echo of their gunshots rang out across the island. He was outnumbered and unequipped in the pursuit. His knowledge of the island was his only advantage. He climbed into the thick brush of a tree and remained silent. Two days passed before the Spaniards left.

The tides shifted, the shadows stretched, and Selkirk remained. He persevered by keeping his mind on the future. He maimed wild goats when they were young to ensure they would never be able to outrun him. If his health ever withered he could then rely on these easy pursuits. One day the hunt for a goat nearly ended his life when he fell from a cliff, leaving him “senseless for the space of three days, the length of which time he measured by the moon’s growth since his last observation.” The fall would have meant certain death had he not landed on the goat he was pursuing. Over four years Selkirk kept count of the five hundred goats he slaughtered. Others were captured only for “sport” and released after he carved a notch in their ear. This was his method of indicating the speed and physical aspects of the goat.
The necessities of basic survival dictated the routine of his day. Often he stood atop the island peering out into the vast ocean, searching for the glimmer of a ship or some reminder of the world he once knew. In these silent times he was subjected to “revolutions in his own mind,” hoping one day he would return home.

It was a late afternoon in 1709 when a ship approached the island. Though he could not determine the nationality of these men, he was desperate and ran to the shore. Quickly, he ran across the beach signaling them with a burning branch. The men disembarked onto the island, guns drawn and aimed at the weathered face of Selkirk. With his hands above his head, he told them he was marooned. The crew offered him room aboard the ship. Selkirk would only join if he was assured Stradling, his former captain, was not present. The name was of no meaning to these men searching only for food and fresh water.
Captain Woodes Rogers later wrote of Selkirk's marooned existence in his book A Cruising Voyage 'Round the World:
[Selkirk] was at first much pestered with cats and rats that bred in great numbers from some of each species which had got ashore from ships that put in there for wood and water. The rats gnawed his feet and clothes whilst asleep, which obliged him to cherish the cats with his goats' flesh, by which so many of them became so tame, that they would lie about in hundreds, and soon delivered him from the rats. He likewise tamed some kids; to divert himself, would now and then sing and dance with them and his cats; so that by the favor of providence, and the vigor of his youth, being now but thirty years old, he came, at last, to conquer all the inconveniences of his solitude, and to be very easy.

When his clothes were worn out he made himself a coat and a cap of goat skins, which he stitched together with little thongs of the same, that he cut with his knife. He had no other needle but a nail; and when his knife was worn to the back he made others, as well as he could, of some iron hoops that were left ashore, which he beat thin and ground upon stones. Having some linen cloth by him, he sewed him some shirts with a nail and, stitched them with the worsted of his old stockings, which he pulled out on purpose. He had his last shirt on when we found him on the island.

Selkirk had seen himself through more than fifteen hundred nights alone. After four years and four months he was returning home. The ship’s officer set a course to travel north along the coast of Peru. Selkirk saw his island pass into the distance, as the faint glow of the embers from his signal fire faded on the beach.

After his rescue, a different isolation set in. Selkirk returned to his hometown of Largo, where he was unable to acclimate to the regimen of daily life. In his most desperate hours he sought out the seclusion of a small cave on a high spot of land. He married in 1717, but soon returned to sea.

Authors interested mostly in money occasionally penned his story in short form. Writer Daniel Defoe, approaching sixty and burdened by the cost of his daughter’s wedding, published a fictionalized account of Selkirk’s ordeal as Robinson Crusoe in 1719, his four hundred and twelfth publication. Its popularity mandated two sequels.

In 1720, after a brief time in port, Selkirk married another woman without regard to his first wife. Again, their time together was short, as he joined the HMS Weymouth as first mate. He would see this journey end in the grip of a virus, which claimed his life in 1721. That night the First lieutenant recorded Selkirk’s death in his log and noted a “small breeze.” The same drifting wind that saw the Cinque Ports disappear into the horizon would return to see Selkirk’s life fade before he was relinquished to the ocean.
The world became fascinated with the tale of Crusoe, yet few readers knew of the complicated man who inspired the timeless novel. In 1966 the Chilean government changed the name of Alexander Selkirk's scrap of earth to Robinson Crusoe Island, a bittersweet monument to his fictionalized counterpart. Selkirk never found his place in society but came to inhabit his permanent existence behind the words of Defoe’s book. Only when forced into seclusion was there enough stillness and silence for Selkirk to hear the echoing of his soul that, like so many others, wanted only to find itself.

Written by Ben Taylor, DamnInteresting.com.

Ghana players receive plane full of $3 million

Ghana players receive plane full of $3 million

MANAUS, BRAZIL - Ahead of its Group G decider in Brasilia on Thursday, Ghanaian deputy sports minister Joseph Yammin told a local radio station the West African nation has dispatched a plane full of cash to its players here in Brazil.

"The players insisted (on physical cash)," he told Citi FM, according to a Bloomberg report.

The total? A cool $3 million (more than $9 million Ghanain cedi). That works out to more than $130,000 per player.

This isn't far off from what the Cameroonian federation went through earlier in the tournament when its players refused to board a flight to the tournament until they received payment.

Each team participating in the World Cup receives $8 milllion just for being here. Ghana will meet Portugal in a do-or-die match in the Brazilian capital Thursday. The Black Stars can progress to the second round with a win and a U.S. loss to Germany.

The Ghanaian Football Association is currently under immense scrutiny after an investigative report by the UK's Telegraph uncovered a long list of allegedly corrupt officials within the country's men's national team.

In other News,

 Sulley Muntari and Kevin-Prince Boateng have been expelled from Ghana's World Cup squad for alleged indiscipline.

A statement on the Ghana Football Association website  said both players had "been suspended indefinitely".

It added Boateng had used "vulgar verbal insults targeted at coach Kwesi Appiah" and said Muntari was guilty of an "unprovoked physical attack on an executive committee member".

The news comes just hours before Ghana take on Portugal on Thursday.

The Black Stars still have an outside chance of qualifying for the knockout phase of the tournament.

Bloomber, torontosun.com and BBC

FIFA bans Uruguay's Luis Suarez for 9 games & 4 months

FIFA bans Uruguay's Luis Suarez for 9 games & 4 months

RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil - FIFA has banned Uruguay striker Luis Suarez from all football activities for four months for biting an opponent at the World Cup, ruling him out of the rest of the tournament and the start of the upcoming Premier League season.

The ban also covers Uruguay's next nine international games, which goes beyond the next four months and rules him out of next year's Copa America. FIFA also fined the Liverpool striker 100,000 Swiss francs ($112,000).

The ban is effective immediately, meaning Suarez will miss Uruguay's round-of-16 game against Colombia on Saturday.

Suarez bit Italy defender Giorgio Chiellini during Uruguay's 1-0 win in the group stage.

Claudio Sulser, chairman of the FIFA disciplinary committee, says "such behavior cannot be tolerated on any football pitch and particularly at the World Cup."

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