Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive
Melbourne
woman Toltu Tufa launches publishing company to print teaching
resources for Oromo, a language forbidden under Haile Selassie
Toltu Tufa, right, created posters and worksheets for her father’s
students before launching Afaan Publications, the first publishing
company to print teaching resources entirely in Oromo.
Photograph: Toltu Tufa
Toltu
Tufa grew up in Australia, so she couldn’t understand why her father
insisted on teaching her Oromo, a macrolanguage spoken in parts of Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia and Egypt.
But what she went on to discover about the language prompted her to
launch the first publishing company to print children’s books entirely
in Oromo, which she exports from her home in Footscray, 5km west of Melbourne, to schools and families throughout the world.
Tufa’s father is from Ethiopia where Amharic, not Oromo, is the
national language. Her mother was born in Turkey but moved to Australia
when she was four, and it was here her parents met.
Tufa grew up learning English, Arabic and Turkish but, for reasons
Tufa couldn’t fathom at the time, her father also made sure she could
speak Oromo, the fourth most spoken language in Africa.
“Dad never spoke about his life back in Ethiopia and yet he insisted on teaching us this language,” Tufa said.
“There were so many resources at my fingertips for the other
languages I was learning and so many people that speak them. But when
Dad was teaching us Oromo, there were no textbooks or learning materials
at all. And that struck me as really strange.”
Her father wouldn’t answer her questions about it either.
“He wouldn’t talk about it and he wouldn’t tell us about his past,”
Tufa said. “He would just say, ‘Just learn to speak the language. We are
Oromo and this is the language we speak.’ ”
But as Tufa, who is now 30, got older and began doing her own
research, she discovered why speaking about Oromo was so painful for her
father.
The Oromo are the largest ethnic group of Ethiopia. But since their
land was conquered and rolled into the Ethiopian empire in the 1880s,
the people have suffered repression and persecution at the hands of
numerous African regimes, including mass executions, mutilations and
slavery.
Under the dictatorship of Haile Selassie in 1941, the Oromo language
was banned, including from political life and schools, and the Amharic
language and culture was forced upon the Oromo people. It was a ban that
would remain until 1991, when the military Derg regime was overthrown
by rebel forces.
During this time the Oromo were jailed, abused and executed. Oromo
texts were destroyed. Tufa’s father, an Oromo, fled to Egypt and, in the
late 1970s, he was granted asylum in Australia.
By the time the Oromo ban was lifted, Tufa’s father had established a
small, private Oromo school in Melbourne to teach the language to the
children of asylum seekers who had fled the Horn of Africa. As she
helped to teach the students, Tufa realised the teaching resources were
woeful.
“Dad imported some Oromo books from Ethiopia after the ban had lifted
but they were written in tiny print and had these crude black-and-white
drawings,” she said.
“Many of the previous education materials were destroyed during the
ban and the republishing of books was all managed by the government, who
didn’t consult with Oromo speakers and qualified people to print them,
and sometimes the spelling was wrong. There was nothing for children.
There wasn’t even a single Oromo alphabet poster in Ethiopia.”
Tufa decided to create posters and worksheets for her father’s
students, using her own money to get them printed. One of the first
things she produced was a series of alphabet posters.
“The first thing I made that I showed to my dad was a poster I made for the Oromo letter ‘A’,” she said.
“He just cried and cried. He was sobbing. He wasn’t really
anticipating me doing this. And he said to me, ‘It’s the most beautiful
thing I’ve ever seen.’”
Three other small Oromo schools that had opened in Victoria
by then heard about the materials and all of them wanted copies. Tufa
realised that if there was a demand for Oromo child education materials
in Australia, there must be other communities around the world where
resources were also needed.
She booked a plane ticket and travelled to nine different countries to find them.
“I was born and raised in Australia, so I’m very privileged compared
to a lot of brown people and I didn’t go through what a lot of Oromo
people went through,” Tufa said. “So I thought, rather than trying to
claim these Oromo materials as my own, I needed to talk to people and
show them my blueprints and get their feedback. I interviewed children,
adults and new Oromo migrants in places like Kenya, Norway, Germany and
the US, and I videoed a lot of the feedback as well.”
The response was overwhelming, she said. Word of her project spread
and, when she returned to Australia, she launched a crowdfunding
campaign so she could print Oromo learning materials and send them back
to the communities she had visited. By the end of 2014, in just six
weeks, she had raised almost $125,000.
“I couldn’t believe it,” Tufa said. “People began writing to me from
around the world, these emotional and long letters about how they were
punished and jailed for speaking their own language. One man gave me
$10,000 from his retirement savings, saying ‘They tried to kill me, but
they didn’t. I want to leave something in my legacy for other refugees
like me.’”
Last year, Tufa flew to the communities that had supported her
projects most to thank them and provide them with children’s books and
posters. Even Oromo speakers who had no money helped her, she said, by
editing her books and offering feedback.
While her market is all over the world, the largest Oromo community
outside Africa is in the US state of Minnesota, she said. Her resources
have also found their way to Ethiopia, with people sending copies to
family members who still live there. This year, she plans to launch an
online store for her publishing company, Afaan Publications.
Demand is also solid in Australia. According to the latest available
census data, the top ancestry responses that Ethiopia-born people
reported were Ethiopian (5,297 people), followed by Oromo (821 people).
Meanwhile, the troubles for Oromo people in Ethiopia are far from over. The current government has announced
an urban planning strategy that aims to expand the capital, Addis
Ababa, by occupying surrounding Oromo towns and land in Oromiya, the
largest and most populous state in Ethiopia. The move would require
closing Oromo schools and occupying homes to make way for
infrastructure.
In November, people, predominantly students, from 100 towns of the
Oromiya region began protesting the move, with the government reacting
by killing, maiming and imprisoning them. A series of violent clashes between protesters and the government left the country reeling.
Last month, after 140 lives were estimated to have been lost in the
protests, the Ethiopian government announced it would scrap the land
expansion project. But protesters and activists feel it is too little too late and there is continuing unrest.
“I had planned to take my children’s books to Oromiya this year but I
just don’t think it’s safe to do so at the moment,” Tufa said. “The
Oromo in Ethiopia are still trying to find their way.” * Tufa’s father, who frequently travels to Ethiopia, could not be named in this story for his own protection
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